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Gunshots are loud, and sometimes the sound levels can exceed safe thresholds for human hearing. 

According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), even a single gunshot can produce sound levels above 175 dB, far surpassing safe limits. This makes the use of firearms without hearing protection an immediate risk to auditory health.

The intensity of a gunshot depends on the caliber of the firearm, and therefore, noise level varies between different firearm models and ammunition types. 

Understanding the decibel levels associated with gunshots is crucial for firearm users, manufacturers, and safety regulators alike. 

In this article, we will explore the decibel levels of gunshots, examine the implications of firearm noise on hearing, compare noise levels across different firearms, and discuss effective safety measures to mitigate risks.

What is Decibel Level? Understanding Noise Measurement

Decibels (dB) are a unit of measurement used to quantify the intensity of sound. They follow a logarithmic scale, meaning that a small numerical increase represents a significant jump in sound intensity. For example, an increase of 10 dB corresponds to a tenfold increase in sound energy.

To get a better understanding of noise measurement, you should know that whispers are perceptible at 30 dB, whereas noise from jet engines exceeds 130 dB. 

Normal conversation, for instance, occurs around 60 dB and is considered safe for prolonged exposure. Conversely, sounds above 85 dB are deemed harmful if experienced continuously over extended periods. At the same time, even one-time exposure to more than 140 dB is sufficient to cause permanent hearing damage. 

Now, interestingly, firearms almost always exceed the safe threshold, and on average produce 140 to 160 dB, which is obviously a significant health risk. 

What Determines Decibel Levels of a Firearm?

As we said, gunshots from different firearms vary in their individual noise levels. Here are the major reasons why that’s the case:

Cartridge

The cartridge, or the ammunition used, is a primary determinant of a firearm’s noise level. It comprises the bullet, gunpowder, and casing, all of which contribute to the explosive sound produced during firing.

Larger cartridges contain more gunpowder, hence generating greater gas expansion and pressure, resulting in louder gunshots. For example, magnum cartridges are significantly louder than standard ones due to their higher powder charge.

Barrel Length

The length of the firearm’s barrel directly affects how sound waves travel. 

Shorter barrels allow less time for the propellant gases to expand and decelerate, resulting in a louder and sharper noise. Conversely, longer barrels provide more space for gas expansion, slightly reducing the noise level. 

However, the reduction is typically minor and varies based on other factors like caliber and ammunition type.

Ammunition Type

Subsonic ammunition generates less noise compared to supersonic rounds because it avoids the additional ‘crack’ caused by breaking the sound barrier. Shooters aiming for quieter performance often pair subsonic ammunition with suppressors.

Caliber

The caliber, or the diameter of the firearm’s bore, also influences noise levels. Larger calibers generally produce louder gunshots because they require more propellant to fire larger bullets. 

This increases the energy released, contributing to higher decibel levels.

Suppressors

Suppressors attach to the muzzle and reduce the sound by slowing and cooling the escaping gases. While they significantly lower the noise level, most suppressors do not bring gunshots below the 85 dB safe threshold.

Environmental Factors

The surroundings in which a firearm is used can amplify or dampen sound. Open spaces allow sound to dissipate, while confined areas like shooting ranges reflect and amplify noise.

Decibel Levels Across Firearms

Firearms differ in their decibel levels depending on their configuration. Here are the average decibel levels of common firearms:

  • Handguns: Typically produce 140-160 dB. Their shorter barrels and high-pressure cartridges contribute to their sharp and loud discharge.
  • Rifles: Noise levels range from 150-170 dB. Short-caliber rifles generally produce up to 140 dB, whereas higher-caliber rifles can go over 175 dB. The longer barrels slightly reduce the sound intensity, but higher calibers and powerful ammunition often compensate.
  • Shotguns: Generally produce 150-165 dB. The noise depends on the gauge and load; larger gauges like 12-gauge produce louder sounds.

Impact of Gunshot on Hearing

Gunshot noise, with its extreme decibel levels, poses a significant risk to hearing health. Exposure to such high-intensity sound can lead to immediate and long-term auditory damage.

Here are the key aspects of how gunshot noise impacts hearing:

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss is one of the most common outcomes of firearm noise exposure. 

Gunshots typically range between 140 to 175 dB. At these levels, even brief exposure can damage the hair cells in the cochlea, i.e., the sensory organ responsible for converting sound waves into nerve signals. 

Unlike other cells in the body, cochlear hair cells do not regenerate, making NIHL a permanent condition.

Tinnitus

Tinnitus, or ringing in the ears, is another prevalent consequence of exposure to firearm noise. This condition often arises from acute trauma to the auditory system caused by high decibel levels. 

Tinnitus may be temporary after limited exposure, but frequent unprotected shooting can lead to chronic and irreversible symptoms. Individuals with tinnitus also often report difficulty concentrating and disrupted sleep patterns, which significantly impacts their quality of life.

Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS)

Short-term exposure to loud noise, such as firing a gun, can lead to a Temporary Threshold Shift, characterized by a temporary reduction in hearing sensitivity. While hearing may seem to return to normal after hours or days, repeated instances of TTS increase the likelihood of permanent hearing loss.

Cumulative Damage from Repeated Exposure

Prolonged exposure to firearm noise, especially in occupational settings like hunting, law enforcement, or military service, can lead to cumulative auditory damage. 

Over time, the ear’s natural recovery mechanisms become overwhelmed, resulting in progressive and irreversible hearing loss.

Impact on Speech Recognition

Hearing loss caused by gunshot noise often affects the ability to discern speech, particularly in noisy environments. This impairment stems from damage to the high-frequency hearing range, which is crucial for understanding consonant sounds.

Safety Measures for Hearing Protection for Firearm Users

Now that you know what gunshot decibels are, and how deteriorating they can be, let’s discuss how you can prevent this damage. 

Here are some common safety measures for firearms users:

Hearing Protection Devices

Some of the common hearing protection devices you can consider are as follows:

Earplugs

Earplugs are small, portable, and effective at reducing noise levels by sealing the ear canal. 

Foam earplugs are inexpensive and provide excellent noise reduction if inserted properly. Custom-molded earplugs offer a comfortable fit and consistent protection, making them a preferred choice for frequent shooters.

Earmuffs

Earmuffs cover the entire ear, providing a second layer of protection. They are easier to use than earplugs and offer uniform attenuation across a broad frequency range. 

High Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) earmuffs are ideal for shooting ranges or high-decibel firearms.

Electronic Hearing Protection

Electronic earmuffs and earplugs are advanced HPDs that allow users to hear ambient sounds or conversations while blocking harmful noise levels. These devices amplify low-level sounds but automatically suppress gunshot noise. 

They are highly effective for hunters and tactical shooters who need to maintain situational awareness. 

The choice between earplugs, earmuffs, or electronic devices depends on individual needs and shooting scenarios. For maximum protection, consider using a combination of earplugs and earmuffs, especially when firing high-caliber firearms.

Suppressors

Suppressors, commonly known as silencers, attach to the firearm’s muzzle to reduce the intensity of the sound produced during a gunshot. While they do not make firearms completely silent, they can lower the noise level by 20–35 dB.

Here are some common types of suppressors:

  • Rimfire Suppressors: Designed for small-caliber firearms, they are lightweight and easy to maintain.
  • Centerfire Rifle Suppressors: These are larger and robust, suitable for high-caliber rifles.
  • Pistol Suppressors: Compact and lightweight, they are ideal for handguns.

The quality of a suppressor is determined by its material (e.g., titanium or stainless steel), design, and compatibility with the firearm. Look for Liberty Suppressors with high decibel reduction and durable construction.

Safe Shooting Practices

A combination of hearing protection devices, suppressors, and safe shooting practices is all-important in preventing hearing damage. 

Distance and Positioning

Maintain distance from other shooters and avoid enclosed spaces where sound reverberates, increasing noise exposure.

Regular Hearing Checks

Schedule periodic hearing assessments, especially if you shoot regularly. Early detection of hearing damage allows for timely intervention.

Limiting Exposure

Reduce the number of shots fired per session to minimize cumulative noise exposure. Opt for outdoor ranges, as they naturally disperse sound waves better than indoor ranges.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the loudest firearm?

The Barrett M107 is among the loudest firearms, producing sound levels exceeding 186 dB due to its high caliber and large cartridge.

Can gunshot noise permanently damage hearing?

Yes, even a single gunshot can cause permanent hearing loss due to its extreme decibel level (over 175 dB), which exceeds the safe threshold for human ears.

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